WE TALK ABOUT FATEHPUR SIKRI

 

Fatehpur Sikri is a town in Agra district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Located 35.7 kilometres (22.2 mi) from the district headquarters of Agra,[3] Fatehpur Sikri was founded in 1571 by Emperor Akbar as the capital of the Mughal Empire, serving from 1571 to 1585, when Akbar left it due to a campaign in Punjab, and was later abandoned completely in 1610.

The town's name is derived from the village of Sikri that previously occupied the site. Excavations conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1999 to 2000 revealed that the area was inhabited by settlements, temples, and trading centers before Akbar established his capital. Following the expansion of the Shungas, the region was inhabited by Kanyakubja Brahmins of the Sanskrit clan. [ 5 ] They ruled from the 7th to the 16th century AD, until the Battle of Khanwa (1527).

This site previously housed the Khanqah of Sheikh Salim Chishti. Akbar's son, Jahangir, was born to his beloved wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani, in Sikri village in 1569. [ 7 ] That same year, Akbar commissioned the construction of a religious complex in memory of the Sheikh who had prophesied his birth. After Jahangir's second birthday, he began construction of a walled city and a royal palace here. After Akbar's victory in the Gujarat campaign in 1573, the city became known as Fatehpur Sikri, meaning "City of Victory."

After capturing Agra in 1803, the East India Company established an administrative center here, which remained until 1850. In 1815, the Marquis of Hastings ordered the repair of monuments in Sikri.

Due to its historical significance as the capital of the Mughal Empire and its exquisite architecture, Fatehpur Sikri was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. [8] [9]

History

Archaeological evidence suggests that settlements in the area date back to the Painted Grey Ware period. According to historian Syed Ali Nadeem Rezavi, the region flourished under Shunga rule and then under the Kanyakubja Brahmins, who maintained control over the region from the 7th to the 16th centuries, until the Battle of Khanwa (1527), and built a fort. Later, the region came under the Delhi Sultanate, and numerous mosques were built, increasing in size during the Khilji dynasty. [10] [11]

Based on excavations conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) at Chhabeli Tila in 1999-2000, senior Agra-based journalist Bhanu Pratap Singh stated that the antiquities, sculptures, and structures all point to a lost "cultural and religious site" dating back more than a thousand years. Senior Jain community leader Swarup Chandra Jain said, "The excavations yielded a rich collection of Jain sculptures, including hundreds of statues, including a dated temple foundation stone. These sculptures are thousand-year-old statues of Lord Adi Nath, Lord Rishabh Nath, Lord Mahavira, and Jain Yakshinis." Historian Sugam Anand states that there is evidence of settlements, temples, and trading centers here even before Akbar established his capital. He suggests that Akbar used the open space on a hill to build his capital.

But before Akbar made the site his capital, his predecessors, Babur and Humayun, significantly redesigned the urban layout of Fatehpur Sikri.[15] Attilio Petruccioli, a scholar of Islamic architecture and professor of landscape architecture at the Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy, explains that Babur and his successors "wanted to escape the noise and chaos of Agra and created a continuous series of gardens, connected by both boat and land, along the open left bank of the Yamuna."[15] Petruccioli further states that when such escapist landscapes are conceived, the monument becomes an organizing element of the city, partly due to its strategic location and partly due to its sheer size. The Buland Darwaza was one such organizing element, towering over the city at a height of 46 metres (150 ft) and now one of the country's most famous Mughal monuments.

Babur held this place dear, and he called it Shukri (Thanksgiving), because of a large lake used by Mughal armies. In her translation of the Baburnama, Annette Beveridge notes that Babur indicates "Sikri" as "Shukri." According to his memoirs, Babur constructed a garden called the "Vijay Udyan" here after defeating Rana Sangha on its outskirts. Gulbadan Begum's Humayun-nama describes him as having an octagonal pavilion built in the garden, which he used for rest and writing. He also constructed a large platform in the middle of the nearby lake. A stepwell exists at the base of a rocky slope about a kilometer from Hiran Minar. This was likely the original location of a famous inscription commemorating his victory.

Abul Fazl describes Akbar's reasons for founding the city in the Akbarnama: "Since his great sons (Salim and Murad) were born in Sikri, and the God-knowing soul of Shaikh Salim had taken possession of that place, his pious heart chose this spiritual place."

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